Economic+interactions+and+flows



__**Global financial flows**__



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Recap from Disparities



The luckiest nut in the world - links to many ideas here:

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__**What about the informal sector?**__

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__**Loans**__

1) Definition and description: Course companion p338

2) Role and influence of IMF: https://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/howlend.htm World bank: http://www.worldbank.org/en/about/what-we-do

3) Example (link to Leisure, Sport and Tourism): http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8320342.stm

Example: IMF loan to Ghana http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2009/CAR071609B.htm

__**Debt repayment**__

1) Definition and description (CC p339)

2) Explanation of importance:

Debt is money owed: either the original sum borrowed or interest charges levied on the original sum. Debt service is the process of repaying a loan according to an agreed schedule. High debt service payments are often blamed for reducing government revenue, and thus resources for health and education. As a result, there are increasing calls for debt relief, which is a term used to describe the process of either forgiving or reducing debts held by poor countries.(Geographyalltheway)

The Human Development Report 2002 from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) shows that, among 50 African countries, at least 29 recently spent more on debt service than on health. At present 41 countries are classified as heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs) - 33 in Africa, four in Latin America, three in Asia and one in the Middle East. The main objective of the HIPC initiative is to reduce debt in these countries to a sustainable level, thereby releasing extra budgetary resources for poverty-reducing expenditure, including expenditure on health.

Haiti debt cancellation: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8502567.stm

__**Remittances**__



http://visual.ly/remittance-flows?view=true

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-22169474 http://www.economist.com/node/21553458
 * Why are they important?** (CC p342)
 * Example and comparison to other flows: **

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 * Development aId**


 * Top down vs bottom up (greenfield geography):**



Development aid or development cooperation (also development assistance, Official Development Assistance (ODA) or foreign aid) is aid given by governments and other agencies to support the economic, environmental, social and political development of developing countries. It is distinguished from humanitarian aid by focusing on alleviating poverty in the long term, rather than a short term response. There tends to be a grant element to distinguish from a loan.
 * geography all the way definition:**



http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/Reducing+disparities

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Aid limitations: http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/mar/19/eu-funding-gap-threatens-vital-humanitarian-aid-projects


 * Foreign Direct Investment**

Definition and description: p344 CC

Example: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8304418.stm

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 * Profit repatriation**

Definition and description p345 CC

example: US http://www.businessweek.com/investor/content/oct2010/pi20101012_762620.htm

__**Summary of economic flows**__

Economic flows summary

Can often be given to corrupt governments. Often lead to little tangible improvements for majority of population. || Negative – recipients become vulnerable to global events. Loss of working population (brain drain) || __**The influence of governments, WTO, IMF, World Bank**__
 * Flow type || Description || Example || Pros / cons ||
 * Loans || Money borrowed from World Bank or IMF which must be repaid with interest. || IMF loaned US$602 million to Ghana to assist with preparations for oil production || Debt was 67% of GDP in 2011 in Ghana.
 * Remittances || Sent back to home country by migrants. Biggest source of external capital in many LICs. || Total estimated remittances US$480 billion in 2014 to LICs. 10% of Bangladesh’s GDP comes from remittances where 150 million live on less than $2 per day. || Less focussed on certain countries than loans or aid. Associated with poverty reduction, better health and education.
 * FDI || TNC are the main source of FDI. Flows on a global scale reached $1979 billion in 2007. Can help with establishing infrastructure and technology || China invested US$ 7 billion in infrastructure in Guinea to establish ports, railways and power plants. This was to set up mining and oil industry with Chinese TNCs. || FDI involved TNCs buying out state firms, purchasing equity in local companies. Possible leaking of profits. ||



__**International Labour flows**__

Migration within the EU.

Poland to UK





Write a paragraph to summarise the current migration of Poles to the UK EU’ []

http://toppinggeography.wikispaces.com/Globalisation+and+Migration



__**The role of ICT in outsourcing**__

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